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Cardiovascular Research 2003 58(2):303-312; doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00246-3
© 2003 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 2003, European Society of Cardiology

Development of heart muscle-cell diversity: a help or a hindrance for phenotyping embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Arnoud C. Fijnvandraat, Ronald H. Lekanne Deprez* and Antoon F.M. Moorman

Experimental & Molecular Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

r.h.lekanne{at}amc.uva.nl

* Corresponding author. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Academic Medical Center, K2-261, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31-20-566-5415; fax: +31-20-697-6177.

Despite the advances in cardiovascular treatment, cardiac disease remains a major cause of morbidity in all industrialized countries. The extraordinary potential of (embryonic) stem cells for therapeutic purposes has revolutionized ideas about cardiac repair of diseased cardiac muscle to exciting stages. This, in turn, has challenged research on cardiac differentiation of stem cells. For instance, cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells quite easily differentiate into the cardiogenic lineage, as assessed by their potential to beat spontaneously. However, repair of impaired cardiac muscle by spontaneously beating cardiac muscle cells might impose severe risks upon a human patient. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to understand the mechanisms that underlie the development of the distinct cardiac muscle cell types of the adult mammalian heart. In this review we tried to relate cardiac morphogenesis to the development of unique molecular phenotypes of cardiomyocytes. This relationship will provide a framework to assess the significance of the molecular phenotypes that are observed in embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (ESDCs). Although for the phenotyping of ESDCs a comparison should be made with the phenotypes of the developing heart, so far none of the currently available markers allow unequivocal assignment of subtypes.

KEYWORDS Embryonic stem cells; Developmental biology; Embryology; Gene expression; Membrane currents; Transplantation


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