© 2002 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 2002, European Society of Cardiology
Effects of estrogen on the vascular wall: vasomotor function and inflammation
Vascular Medicine and Atherosclerosis Unit, Division of Cardiology, Gil Heart Center, Gachon Medical School, 1198 Kuwol-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760 South Korea
* Tel.: +82-32-460-3683; fax: +82-32-460-3117 kwangk@ghil.com
Received 31 January 2002; accepted 13 May 2002
KEYWORDS Hormones; Atherosclerosis; Endothelial function; Infection/inflammation
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1. Introduction |
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Far from being only an anatomic barrier to prevent the influx of circulating blood into the vessel wall, the endothelium is a metabolically active organ system that maintains vascular homeostasis. The endothelium modulates vascular tone, regulates local cellular growth and the deposition of the extracellular matrix, protects the vessel from the potentially harmful consequences of substances and cells circulating in the blood, and mediates the hemostatic, inflammatory, and reparative responses to local injury. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the endothelium plays a pivotal role in maintaining vascular health and protecting against vascular injury.
Conditions such as hypercholesterolemia [1], systemic hypertension [1], and estrogen deficiency [2] have been associated with impaired functions of the endothelium. As a result of impairment, the vessel wall may promote inflammation, oxidation of lipoproteins, smooth muscle cell proliferation, extracellular matrix deposition or lysis, accumulation of lipid-rich material, the activation of platelets (which promote clotting),
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2. Inflammation and atherosclerosis |
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3. Mechanisms of estrogen's effects on the vascular wall |
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4. Biological effects of estrogen |
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4.1 Effects of estrogen on lipoproteins
4.2 Effects of estrogen on LDL oxidation
4.3 Effects of estrogen on vasomotion
4.4 Effects of estrogen on inflammation
4.4.1 Cell adhesion molecules
4.4.2 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
4.4.3 C-reactive protein
4.4.4 Tumor necrosis factor-
4.4.5 Interleukin-6
4.5 Clinical implications
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