© 2002 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 2002, European Society of Cardiology
Sex hormones and hypertension
aCenter for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
bUniversity Hospital Zurich, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinic for Endocrinology, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
cDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
dDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
eThe Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
rag{at}fhk.usz.ch
* Corresponding author. Clinic for Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8051 Zurich, Switzerland. Tel.: +41-1-2555-383; fax: +41-1-2554-439
Gender has an important influence on blood pressure, with premenopausal women having a lower arterial blood pressure than age-matched men. Compared with premenopausal women, postmenopausal women have higher blood pressures, suggesting that ovarian hormones may modulate blood pressure. However, whether sex hormones are responsible for the observed gender-associated differences in arterial blood pressure and whether ovarian hormones account for differences in blood pressure in premenopausal versus postmenopausal women remains unclear. In this review, we provide a discussion of the potential blood pressure regulating effects of female and male sex hormones, as well as the cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which sex hormones may modify the effects of hypertension on the cardiovascular system.
KEYWORDS Blood pressure; Endothelial function; Gender; Growth factors; Hypertension; Smooth muscle
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  B. Xue, M. Singh, F. Guo, M. Hay, and A. K. Johnson Protective actions of estrogen on angiotensin II-induced hypertension: role of central nitric oxide Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): H1638 - H1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Traish, F. Saad, R. J. Feeley, and A. Guay The Dark Side of Testosterone Deficiency: III. Cardiovascular Disease J Androl, September 1, 2009; 30(5): 477 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Ostadal, I. Netuka, J. Maly, J. Besik, and I. Ostadalova Gender Differences in Cardiac Ischemic Injury and Protection--Experimental Aspects Experimental Biology and Medicine, September 1, 2009; 234(9): 1011 - 1019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Barton and M. R. Meyer Postmenopausal Hypertension: Mechanisms and Therapy Hypertension, July 1, 2009; 54(1): 11 - 18. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Ikeda, K.-i. Aihara, S. Yoshida, T. Sato, S. Yagi, T. Iwase, Y. Sumitomo, T. Ise, K. Ishikawa, H. Azuma, et al. Androgen-Androgen Receptor System Protects against Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Remodeling Endocrinology, June 1, 2009; 150(6): 2857 - 2864. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Xue, D. Badaue-Passos Jr, F. Guo, C. E. Gomez-Sanchez, M. Hay, and A. K. Johnson Sex differences and central protective effect of 17{beta}-estradiol in the development of aldosterone/NaCl-induced hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): H1577 - H1585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Oparil Hormone Therapy of Premature Ovarian Failure: The Case for "Natural" Estrogen Hypertension, May 1, 2009; 53(5): 745 - 746. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. K. Jacobs Coronary Intervention in 2009: Are Women No Different Than Men? Circ Cardiovasc Interv, February 1, 2009; 2(1): 69 - 78. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G.-F. Qiao, B.-Y. Li, Y.-J. Lu, Y.-L. Fu, and J. H. Schild 17{beta}-Estradiol restores excitability of a sexually dimorphic subset of myelinated vagal afferents in ovariectomized rats Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, January 1, 2009; 297(3): C654 - C664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Gilbert and M. J. Nijland Sex differences in the developmental origins of hypertension and cardiorenal disease Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): R1941 - R1952. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Chen, F. Rao, J. L. Rodriguez-Flores, M. Mahata, M. M. Fung, M. Stridsberg, S. M. Vaingankar, G. Wen, R. M. Salem, M. Das, et al. Naturally Occurring Human Genetic Variation in the 3'-Untranslated Region of the Secretory Protein Chromogranin A Is Associated With Autonomic Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension in a Sex-Dependent Fashion J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 28, 2008; 52(18): 1468 - 1481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. S. Buys, P. Sips, P. Vermeersch, M. J. Raher, E. Rogge, F. Ichinose, M. Dewerchin, K. D. Bloch, S. Janssens, and P. Brouckaert Gender-specific hypertension and responsiveness to nitric oxide in sGC{alpha}1 knockout mice Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2008; 79(1): 179 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Coylewright, J. F. Reckelhoff, and P. Ouyang Menopause and Hypertension: An Age-Old Debate Hypertension, April 1, 2008; 51(4): 952 - 959. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Karatas, B. Hegner, L. J. de Windt, F. C. Luft, C. Schubert, V. Gross, Y. J. Akashi, D. Gurgen, U. Kintscher, A. C. da Costa Goncalves, et al. Deoxycorticosterone Acetate-Salt Mice Exhibit Blood Pressure-Independent Sexual Dimorphism Hypertension, April 1, 2008; 51(4): 1177 - 1183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Ramirez-Lorca, A. Grilo, M. T. Martinez-Larrad, L. Manzano, F. J. Serrano-Hernando, F. J. Moron, V. Perez-Gonzalez, J. L. Gonzalez-Sanchez, J. Fresneda, R. Fernandez-Parrilla, et al. Sex and Body Mass Index Specific Regulation of Blood Pressure by CYP19A1 Gene Variants Hypertension, November 1, 2007; 50(5): 884 - 890. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Kobori, M. Nangaku, L. G. Navar, and A. Nishiyama The Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System: From Physiology to the Pathobiology of Hypertension and Kidney Disease Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2007; 59(3): 251 - 287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. King, N. Bari Olivier, P. S. Mohankumar, J. S. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, and G. D. Fink Hypertension caused by prenatal testosterone excess in female sheep Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2007; 292(6): E1837 - E1841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-J. Chen, W.-S. Yang, J.-H. Yang, C.-L. Chen, H.-N. Ho, and Y.-S. Yang Relationship Between Androgen Levels and Blood Pressure in Young Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Hypertension, June 1, 2007; 49(6): 1442 - 1447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Glorioso, V. L.M. Herrera, P. Bagamasbad, F. Filigheddu, C. Troffa, G. Argiolas, E. Bulla, J. L. Decano, and N. Ruiz-Opazo Association of ATP1A1 and Dear Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Haplotypes With Essential Hypertension: Sex-Specific and Haplotype-Specific Effects Circ. Res., May 25, 2007; 100(10): 1522 - 1529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Elmariah, L. R. Goldberg, M. T. Allen, and A. Kao Reply J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 23, 2007; 49(3): 375 - 376. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Song, C. K. Kost Jr., and D. S. Martin Androgens potentiate renal vascular responses to angiotensin II via amplification of the Rho kinase signaling pathway Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2006; 72(3): 456 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Ito, Y. Hirooka, Y. Kimura, Y. Sagara, and K. Sunagawa Ovariectomy Augments Hypertension Through Rho-Kinase Activation in the Brain Stem in Female Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, October 1, 2006; 48(4): 651 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. L. M. Herrera, A. Tsikoudakis, L. R. B. Ponce, Y. Matsubara, and N. Ruiz-Opazo Sex-specific QTLs and interacting loci underlie salt-sensitive hypertension and target organ complications in Dahl S/jrHS hypertensive rats Physiol Genomics, September 14, 2006; 26(3): 172 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Franceschini, J. W. MacCluer, H. H.H. Goring, S. A. Cole, K. M. Rose, L. Almasy, V. Diego, S. Laston, E. T. Lee, B. V. Howard, et al. A Quantitative Trait Loci-Specific Gene-by-Sex Interaction on Systolic Blood Pressure Among American Indians: The Strong Heart Family Study Hypertension, August 1, 2006; 48(2): 266 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Song, C. K. Kost Jr., and D. S. Martin Androgens augment renal vascular responses to ANG II in New Zealand genetically hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): R1608 - R1615. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Gimenez, P. M Garcia, B. Bonacasa, L. F Carbonell, T. Quesada, and I. Hernandez Effects of oestrogen treatment and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on the microvasculature of ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats Exp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 91(1): 261 - 268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Senti, J. M. Fernandez-Fernandez, M. Tomas, E. Vazquez, R. Elosua, J. Marrugat, and M. A. Valverde Protective Effect of the KCNMB1 E65K Genetic Polymorphism Against Diastolic Hypertension in Aging Women and Its Relevance to Cardiovascular Risk Circ. Res., December 9, 2005; 97(12): 1360 - 1365. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Luksha, L. Poston, J.-A. Gustafsson, L. Aghajanova, and K. Kublickiene Gender-Specific Alteration of Adrenergic Responses in Small Femoral Arteries From Estrogen Receptor-{beta} Knockout Mice Hypertension, November 1, 2005; 46(5): 1163 - 1168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Quinkler, I. J. Bujalska, K. Kaur, C. U. Onyimba, S. Buhner, B. Allolio, S. V. Hughes, M. Hewison, and P. M. Stewart Androgen Receptor-Mediated Regulation of the {alpha}-Subunit of the Epithelial Sodium Channel in Human Kidney Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 787 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. E. Mendelsohn and R. H. Karas Molecular and Cellular Basis of Cardiovascular Gender Differences Science, June 10, 2005; 308(5728): 1583 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Hermenegildo, P.J. Oviedo, M.C. Garcia-Martinez, M.A. Garcia-Perez, J.J. Tarin, and A. Cano Progestogens stimulate prostacyclin production by human endothelial cells Hum. Reprod., June 1, 2005; 20(6): 1554 - 1561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Dubey, B. Imthurn, M. Barton, and E. K. Jackson Vascular consequences of menopause and hormone therapy: Importance of timing of treatment and type of estrogen Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 295 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Xue, J. Pamidimukkala, and M. Hay Sex differences in the development of angiotensin II-induced hypertension in conscious mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2005; 288(5): H2177 - H2184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. W. Mankhey, F. Bhatti, and C. Maric 17{beta}-Estradiol replacement improves renal function and pathology associated with diabetic nephropathy Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): F399 - F405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Reckelhoff Sex Steroids, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension: Unanswered Questions and Some Speculations Hypertension, February 1, 2005; 45(2): 170 - 174. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Wildman, L. L. Schott, S. Brockwell, L. H. Kuller, and K. Sutton-Tyrrell A dietary and exercise intervention slows menopause-associated progression of subclinical atherosclerosis as measured by intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 4, 2004; 44(3): 579 - 585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Muller, A. W. van den Beld, M. L. Bots, D. E. Grobbee, S. W.J. Lamberts, and Y. T. van der Schouw Endogenous Sex Hormones and Progression of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Elderly Men Circulation, May 4, 2004; 109(17): 2074 - 2079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. F. Reckelhoff and L. A. Fortepiani Novel Mechanisms Responsible for Postmenopausal Hypertension Hypertension, May 1, 2004; 43(5): 918 - 923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. K. Dubey, D. G. Gillespie, M. Grogli, H. J. Kloosterboer, and B. Imthurn Tibolone and Its Metabolites Induce Antimitogenesis in Human Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells: Role of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Androgen Receptors J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2004; 89(2): 852 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Titze, R. Lang, C. Ilies, K. H. Schwind, K. A. Kirsch, P. Dietsch, F. C. Luft, and K. F. Hilgers Osmotically inactive skin Na+ storage in rats Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): F1108 - F1117. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Harshfield, M. E. Wilson, K. McLeod, C. Hanevold, G. K. Kapuku, L. Mackey, D. Gillis, and L. Edmonds Adiposity Is Related to Gender Differences in Impaired Stress-Induced Pressure Natriuresis Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1082 - 1086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Harrison-Bernard, I. H. Schulman, and L. Raij Postovariectomy Hypertension Is Linked to Increased Renal AT1 Receptor and Salt Sensitivity Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1157 - 1163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Muller, Y. T. van der Schouw, J. H. H. Thijssen, and D. E. Grobbee Endogenous Sex Hormones and Cardiovascular Disease in Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5076 - 5086. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Chappell, P. E. Gallagher, D. B. Averill, C. M. Ferrario, and K. B. Brosnihan Estrogen or the AT1 Antagonist Olmesartan Reverses the Development of Profound Hypertension in the Congenic mRen2.Lewis Rat Hypertension, October 1, 2003; 42(4): 781 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Javeshghani, R. M. Touyz, M. R. Sairam, A. Virdis, M. F. Neves, and E. L. Schiffrin Attenuated Responses to Angiotensin II in Follitropin Receptor Knockout Mice, a Model of Menopause-Associated Hypertension Hypertension, October 1, 2003; 42(4): 761 - 767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Y. Liu, A. K. Death, and D. J. Handelsman Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease Endocr. Rev., June 1, 2003; 24(3): 313 - 340. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. S. Gragasin, Y. Xu, I. A. Arenas, N. Kainth, and S. T. Davidge Estrogen Reduces Angiotensin II-Induced Nitric Oxide Synthase and NAD(P)H Oxidase Expression in Endothelial Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2003; 23(1): 38 - 44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|