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Cardiovascular Research 2002 53(1):1-5; doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(01)00502-8
© 2002 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 2001, European Society of Cardiology

And then came the microelectrode

Brian F Hoffman*

College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University New York, NY 10032, USA

* Address for correspondence: 600 Gropetree Drive, Apt. 6 EM, Key Biscane, FL 33149, USA

accepted 4 October 2001

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

It is difficult to fully appreciate the contributions made by the microelectrode to the understanding of cardiac electrophysiology without some idea of the prior state of the field. What was known about cardiac electrophysiology had been derived largely from studies of the electrocardiogram and cardiac electrogram and by the application of stimuli, usually electrical, to the heart. The voltage–time course of the atrial and ventricular action potentials had been revealed by the recording of monophasic potentials through suction electrodes or other means of registering injury potentials. The various phases of refractoriness had been defined by stimulation but this information usually was not related to the monophasic action potential. Evidence of the basic mechanisms underlying the observed phenomena was largely lacking. The major contributions to understanding the nature and mechanisms for arrhythmias and conduction disturbances resulted from precise measurements of the electrocardiogram and careful deductive reasoning. Early studies on in vitro . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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