© 2001 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 2001, European Society of Cardiology
Signal transduction of ischemic preconditioning
aDepartment of Pathophysiology, University of Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
bDepartment of Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
cDepartment of Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49-201-723-4480; fax: +49-201-723-4481 gerd.heusch@uni-essen.de
Received 26 March 2001; accepted 6 June 2001
KEYWORDS Ischemia; Preconditioning; Signal transduction
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
 |
1. Ischemic preconditioning and its endpoints |
|---|
Brief episodes of ischemia/reperfusion protect the myocardium from the damage induced by subsequent more prolonged ischemia. When first described by Murry et al. [1] such ischemic preconditioning was elicited by brief coronary occlusion, and the endpoint was reduced infarct size. Soon, however, a variety of preconditioning stimuli were uncovered including hypoxia [2], rapid cardiac pacing [3,4], thermal stress [5], stretch [6,7] and various pharmacological agents (for review, see Refs. [8,9]). Also, various endpoints of ischemic preconditioning have been used: ischemic preconditioning protects against infarction in all species tested so far (for review, see Ref. [8]), and there is also evidence that it might be operative in man (for review, see Ref. [10]). Ischemic preconditioning also reduces the extent of apoptosis [11–13]. Other studies have used recovery of contractile function as an end-point of ischemic preconditioning. Although it appears logical that less infarcted myocardium
|
2. Temporal limits of ischemic preconditioning |
|---|
|
3. Signal transduction in the early phase of ischemic preconditioning |
|---|
3.1 Receptor-dependent endogenous triggers
3.1.1 Adenosine
3.1.2 Bradykinin
3.1.3 Opioids
3.1.4 Prostaglandins, norepinephrine, angiotensin and endothelin
3.2 Receptor-independent endogenous triggers
3.2.1 Free radicals
3.2.2 Nitric oxide (NO)
3.2.3 Calcium
3.3 Exogenous triggers
3.4 G proteins and phospholipases
3.5 Protein kinases
3.5.1 Protein kinase C
3.5.2 Tyrosine kinases
3.5.3 Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases
3.5.3.1 ERK
3.5.3.2 JNK
3.5.3.3 p38
3.5.4 Timing of protein kinase activation
|
4. Potential end-effectors of ischemic preconditioning |
|---|
4.1 Energetic and substrate metabolism
4.2 Protein synthesis
4.3 KATP channels
4.4 Sodium–proton exchanger
4.5 Cytoskeleton
4.6 Volume regulation
4.7 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
|
5. Differences between the early and the late phase of ischemic preconditioning |
|---|
|
6. Potential reasons for current controversies |
|---|
6.1 Species
6.2 Models
6.3 Protocols
6.4 Inhibitors and activators
6.5 Transgenic and transfection approaches
|
7. Summary |
|---|
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  G. Heusch and R. Schulz Neglect of the coronary circulation: some critical remarks on problems in the translation of cardioprotection Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2009; 84(1): 11 - 14. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. L. Lujan and S. E. DiCarlo Partial Hindlimb Occlusion Reduced the Susceptibility to Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Conscious Rats Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2009; 14(3): 199 - 206. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Garcia-Dorado, M. Ruiz-Meana, and H. M. Piper Lethal reperfusion injury in acute myocardial infarction: facts and unresolved issues Cardiovasc Res, July 15, 2009; 83(2): 165 - 168. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Naydenova, J. B. Rose, and I. R. Coe Inosine and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 contribute to hypoxic preconditioning in the murine cardiomyocyte HL-1 cell line Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2008; 294(6): H2687 - H2692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. B. Rose and I. R. Coe Physiology of Nucleoside Transporters: Back to the Future. . . . Physiology, February 1, 2008; 23(1): 41 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Ruiz-Meana, A. Rodriguez-Sinovas, A. Cabestrero, K. Boengler, G. Heusch, and D. Garcia-Dorado Mitochondrial connexin43 as a new player in the pathophysiology of myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury Cardiovasc Res, January 15, 2008; 77(2): 325 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. Mentzer Jr, M. S. Jahania, and R. D. Lasley Myocardial Protection Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2008; 3(2008): 443 - 464. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Ferdinandy, R. Schulz, and G. F. Baxter Interaction of Cardiovascular Risk Factors with Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury, Preconditioning, and Postconditioning Pharmacol. Rev., December 1, 2007; 59(4): 418 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z.-Q. Jin, J. Zhang, Y. Huang, H. E. Hoover, D. A. Vessey, and J. S. Karliner A sphingosine kinase 1 mutation sensitizes the myocardium to ischemia/reperfusion injury Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2007; 76(1): 41 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. A. Ali, C. J. Callaghan, E. Lim, A. A. Ali, S.A. Reza Nouraei, A. M. Akthar, J. R. Boyle, K. Varty, R. K. Kharbanda, D. P. Dutka, et al. Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Reduces Myocardial and Renal Injury After Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: A Randomized Controlled Trial Circulation, September 11, 2007; 116(11_suppl): I-98 - I-105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Zhu, B. Liu, S. Zhou, Y.-R. Chen, Y. Deng, J. L. Zweier, and G. He Ischemic preconditioning prevents in vivo hyperoxygenation in postischemic myocardium with preservation of mitochondrial oxygen consumption Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1442 - H1450. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Hochhauser, D. Leshem, O. Kaminski, Y. Cheporko, B. A. Vidne, and A. Shainberg The protective effect of prior ischemia reperfusion adenosine A1 or A3 receptor activation in the normal and hypertrophied heart Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, June 1, 2007; 6(3): 363 - 368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Lascano and J. A. Negroni Gap junctions in preconditioning against arrhythmias Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2007; 74(3): 341 - 342. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Boengler, I. Konietzka, A. Buechert, Y. Heinen, D. Garcia-Dorado, G. Heusch, and R. Schulz Loss of ischemic preconditioning's cardioprotection in aged mouse hearts is associated with reduced gap junctional and mitochondrial levels of connexin 43 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): H1764 - H1769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Das, A. Smolenski, S. M. Lohmann, and R. C. Kukreja Cyclic GMP-dependent Protein Kinase I{alpha} Attenuates Necrosis and Apoptosis Following Ischemia/Reoxygenation in Adult Cardiomyocyte J. Biol. Chem., December 15, 2006; 281(50): 38644 - 38652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Heinzel, Y. Luo, G. Dodoni, K. Boengler, F. Petrat, F. Di Lisa, H. de Groot, R. Schulz, and G. Heusch Formation of reactive oxygen species at increased contraction frequency in rat cardiomyocytes Cardiovasc Res, July 15, 2006; 71(2): 374 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Rodriguez-Sinovas, K. Boengler, A. Cabestrero, P. Gres, M. Morente, M. Ruiz-Meana, I. Konietzka, E. Miro, A. Totzeck, G. Heusch, et al. Translocation of Connexin 43 to the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane of Cardiomyocytes Through the Heat Shock Protein 90-Dependent TOM Pathway and Its Importance for Cardioprotection Circ. Res., July 7, 2006; 99(1): 93 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Atar, Y. Ye, Y. Lin, S. Y. Freeberg, S. P. Nishi, S. Rosanio, M.-H. Huang, B. F. Uretsky, J. R. Perez-Polo, and Y. Birnbaum Atorvastatin-induced cardioprotection is mediated by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase and consequent S-nitrosylation of cyclooxygenase-2 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): H1960 - H1968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Di Lisa and P. Bernardi Mitochondria and ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart: Fixing a hole Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2006; 70(2): 191 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Garcia-Dorado and H. M. Piper Postconditioning: Reperfusion of "reperfusion injury" after hibernation Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 1 - 3. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Bright and D. Mochly-Rosen The Role of Protein Kinase C in Cerebral Ischemic and Reperfusion Injury Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2781 - 2790. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. R. Heinzel, Y. Luo, X. Li, K. Boengler, A. Buechert, D. Garcia-Dorado, F. Di Lisa, R. Schulz, and G. Heusch Impairment of Diazoxide-Induced Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Loss of Cardioprotection in Connexin 43 Deficient Mice Circ. Res., September 16, 2005; 97(6): 583 - 586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Boengler, G. Dodoni, A. Rodriguez-Sinovas, A. Cabestrero, M. Ruiz-Meana, P. Gres, I. Konietzka, C. Lopez-Iglesias, D. Garcia-Dorado, F. Di Lisa, et al. Connexin 43 in cardiomyocyte mitochondria and its increase by ischemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2005; 67(2): 234 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Barandon, P. Dufourcq, P. Costet, C. Moreau, C. Allieres, D. Daret, P. D. Santos, J.-M. D. Lamaziere, T. Couffinhal, and C. Duplaa Involvement of FrzA/sFRP-1 and the Wnt/Frizzled Pathway in Ischemic Preconditioning Circ. Res., June 24, 2005; 96(12): 1299 - 1306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Wang, L. Jia, T. Wang, W. Sun, S. Wu, and X. Wang Endogenous Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Protects Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells through Protein Kinase C{epsilon} and Heat Shock Protein J. Biol. Chem., May 27, 2005; 280(21): 20325 - 20330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Heusch, R. Schulz, and S. H. Rahimtoola Myocardial hibernation: a delicate balance Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H984 - H999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Obal, N. C. Weber, K. Zacharowski, O. Toma, S. Dettwiler, J. I. Wolter, M. Kratz, J. Mullenheim, B. Preckel, and W. Schlack Role of protein kinase C-{varepsilon} (PKC{varepsilon}) in isoflurane-induced cardioprotection Br. J. Anaesth., February 1, 2005; 94(2): 166 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Schulz A new paradigm: cross talk of protein kinases during reperfusion saves life! Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): H1 - H2. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yorozuya, N. Adachi, K. Dote, K. Nakanishi, Y. Takasaki, and T. Arai Enhancement of Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities in multi-cycle ischemic preconditioning in rabbit hearts Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., November 1, 2004; 26(5): 981 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Penna, P. Pagliaro, R. Rastaldo, F. Di Pancrazio, G. Lippe, D. Gattullo, D. Mancardi, M. Samaja, G. Losano, and I. Mavelli F0F1 ATP synthase activity is differently modulated by coronary reactive hyperemia before and after ischemic preconditioning in the goat Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2004; 287(5): H2192 - H2200. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z.-Q. Jin, E. J. Goetzl, and J. S. Karliner Sphingosine Kinase Activation Mediates Ischemic Preconditioning in Murine Heart Circulation, October 5, 2004; 110(14): 1980 - 1989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Heusch Postconditioning: Old wine in a new bottle? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2004; 44(5): 1111 - 1112. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Chaudary, Z. Naydenova, I. Shuralyova, and I. R. Coe The Adenosine Transporter, mENT1, Is a Target for Adenosine Receptor Signaling and Protein Kinase C{epsilon} in Hypoxic and Pharmacological Preconditioning in the Mouse Cardiomyocyte Cell Line, HL-1 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2004; 310(3): 1190 - 1198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Skyschally, R. Schulz, P. Gres, I. Konietzka, C. Martin, M. Haude, R. Erbel, and G. Heusch Coronary microembolization does not induce acute preconditioning against infarction in pigs--the role of adenosine Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2004; 63(2): 313 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kido, H. Otani, S. Kyoi, T. Sumida, H. Fujiwara, T. Okada, and H. Imamura Ischemic preconditioning-mediated restoration of membrane dystrophin during reperfusion correlates with protection against contraction-induced myocardial injury Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2004; 287(1): H81 - H90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Wang and J. C. Chatham Onset of diabetes in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats leads to improved recovery of function after ischemia in the isolated perfused heart Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2004; 286(5): E725 - E736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Schulz and G. Heusch Connexin 43 and ischemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2004; 62(2): 335 - 344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Ichikawa, T. Miura, A. Nakano, T. Miki, Y. Nakamura, K. Tsuchihashi, and K. Shimamoto The role of ADAM protease in the tyrosine kinase-mediated trigger mechanism of ischemic preconditioning Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2004; 62(1): 167 - 175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. P Halestrap, S. J Clarke, and S. A Javadov Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening during myocardial reperfusion--a target for cardioprotection Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2004; 61(3): 372 - 385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Schulz, M. Kelm, and G. Heusch Nitric oxide in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2004; 61(3): 402 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Forkel, X. Chen, S. Wandinger, F. Keser, A. Duschin, U. Schwanke, S. Frede, P. Massoudy, R. Schulz, H. Jakob, et al. Responses of chronically hypoxic rat hearts to ischemia: KATP channel blockade does not abolish increased RV tolerance to ischemia Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): H545 - H551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Miura, Y. Ohnuma, A. Kuno, M. Tanno, Y. Ichikawa, Y. Nakamura, T. Yano, T. Miki, J. Sakamoto, and K. Shimamoto Protective role of gap junctions in preconditioning against myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): H214 - H221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Oldenburg, Q. Qin, T. Krieg, X.-M. Yang, S. Philipp, S. D. Critz, M. V. Cohen, and J. M. Downey Bradykinin induces mitochondrial ROS generation via NO, cGMP, PKG, and mitoKATP channel opening and leads to cardioprotection Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): H468 - H476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Padilla, D. Garcia-Dorado, A. Rodriguez-Sinovas, M. Ruiz-Meana, J. Inserte, and J. Soler-Soler Protection afforded by ischemic preconditioning is not mediated by effects on cell-to-cell electrical coupling during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): H1909 - H1916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Mozaffari and S. W. Schaffer Effect of Hypertension and Hypertension-Glucose Intolerance on Myocardial Ischemic Injury Hypertension, November 1, 2003; 42(5): 1042 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. H. Opie Preconditioning and metabolic anti-ischaemic agents Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2003; 24(20): 1854 - 1856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Gross and J. N. Peart KATP channels and myocardial preconditioning: an update Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 7, 2003; 285(3): H921 - H930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Tissier, K. Aouam, A. Berdeaux, and B. Ghaleh Evidence for a Ceiling of Cardioprotection with a Nitric Oxide Donor-Induced Delayed Preconditioning in Rabbits J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., August 1, 2003; 306(2): 528 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rosa, J.-P. Maury, J. Terrand, X. Lyon, P. Kucera, L. Kappenberger, and E. Raddatz Ectopic pacing at physiological rate improves postanoxic recovery of the developing heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): H2384 - H2392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A Javadov, S. Clarke, M. Das, E. J Griffiths, K. H H Lim, and A. P Halestrap Ischaemic preconditioning inhibits opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in the reperfused rat heart J. Physiol., June 1, 2003; 549(2): 513 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Chen, C. C. Chua, J. Gao, R. C. Hamdy, and B. H. L. Chua Protective effect of melatonin on myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): H1618 - H1624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. D'Souza, D. M. Yellon, C. Martin, R. Schulz, G. Heusch, A. Onody, P. Ferdinandy, and G. F. Baxter B-type natriuretic peptide limits infarct size in rat isolated hearts via KATP channel opening Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): H1592 - H1600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Krieg, M. Landsberger, M. F. Alexeyev, S. B. Felix, M. V. Cohen, and J. M. Downey Activation of Akt is essential for acetylcholine to trigger generation of oxygen free radicals Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2003; 58(1): 196 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J Hanley, K V Gopalan, R. A Lareau, D K Srivastava, von Martin Meltzer, and J. Daut {beta}-Oxidation of 5-hydroxydecanoate, a Putative Blocker of Mitochondrial ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels J. Physiol., March 1, 2003; 547(2): 387 - 393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Belosjorow, I. Bolle, A. Duschin, G. Heusch, and R. Schulz TNF-alpha antibodies are as effective as ischemic preconditioning in reducing infarct size in rabbits Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): H927 - H930. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Skyschally, R. Schulz, P. Gres, H.-G. Korth, and G. Heusch Attenuation of ischemic preconditioning in pigs by scavenging of free oxyradicals with ascorbic acid Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): H698 - H703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Qin, J. M. Downey, and M. V. Cohen Acetylcholine but not adenosine triggers preconditioning through PI3-kinase and a tyrosine kinase Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): H727 - H734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Mentzer Jr., M. S. Jahania, and R. D. Lasley Myocardial Protection Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 413 - 438. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 U. Sunderdiek, S. Schmitz-Spanke, B. Korbmacher, E. Gams, and J. D. Schipke Preconditioning: myocardial function and energetics during coronary hypoperfusion and reperfusion Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2002; 74(6): 2147 - 2155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Krieg, Q. Qin, E. C. McIntosh, M. V. Cohen, and J. M. Downey ACh and adenosine activate PI3-kinase in rabbit hearts through transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2322 - H2330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tsuchida, T. Miura, M. Tanno, J. Sakamoto, T. Miki, A. Kuno, T. Matsumoto, Y. Ohnuma, Y. Ichikawa, and K. Shimamoto Infarct size limitation by nicorandil: Roles of mitochondrial KATP channels, sarcolemmal KATP channels, and protein kinase C J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 16, 2002; 40(8): 1523 - 1530. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Schwanke, I. Konietzka, A. Duschin, X. Li, R. Schulz, and G. Heusch No ischemic preconditioning in heterozygous connexin43-deficient mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283 (4): H1740 - H1742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Mirabet, D. Garcia-Dorado, J. Inserte, J. A. Barrabes, R.-M. Lidon, B. Soriano, M. Azevedo, F. Padilla, L. Agullo, M. Ruiz-Meana, et al. Platelets activated by transient coronary occlusion exacerbate ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2002; 283(3): H1134 - H1141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M Smith, S. Lecour, and M. N Sack Innate immunity and cardiac preconditioning: a putative intrinsic cardioprotective program Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 474 - 482. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M Smith, N. Suleman, J. McCarthy, and M. N Sack Classic ischemic but not pharmacologic preconditioning is abrogated following genetic ablation of the TNF{alpha} gene Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 553 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Gres, R. Schulz, J. Jansen, C. Umschlag, and G. Heusch Involvement of endogenous prostaglandins in ischemic preconditioning in pigs Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 626 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Schulz, S. Belosjorow, P. Gres, J. Jansen, M. C Michel, and G. Heusch p38 MAP kinase is a mediator of ischemic preconditioning in pigs Cardiovasc Res, August 15, 2002; 55(3): 690 - 700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Babsky, S. Hekmatyar, S. Wehrli, N. Doliba, M. Osbakken, and N. Bansal Influence of Ischemic Preconditioning on Intracellular Sodium, pH, and Cellular Energy Status in Isolated Perfused Heart Experimental Biology and Medicine, July 1, 2002; 227(7): 520 - 528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. W. Dickson, R. J. Tubbs, W. A. Porcaro, W. J. Lee, D. J. Blehar, R. E. Carraway, C. E. Darling, and K. Przyklenk Myocardial preconditioning factors evoke mesenteric ischemic tolerance via opioid receptors and KATP channels Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H22 - H28. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. J. Gross and D. C. Warltier Prologue: nonclassical modalities of myocardial preconditioning Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): H1951 - H1952. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Mubagwa Does adenosine protect the heart by acting on the sarcoplasmic reticulum? Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2002; 53(2): 286 - 289. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|