© 1999 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 1999, European Society of Cardiology
Cardiac fibrosis and inflammation
interaction with hemodynamic and hormonal factors
aINSERM U430, Broussais Hospital, 75014 Paris, France
bINSERM U460, CHU X.Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-1-4485-6160; fax: +33-1-4485-6157; e-mail: U460@bichat.inserm.fr
It is generally admitted that the pathogenesis of perivascular and interstitial cardiac fibrosis involves the response to two types of stimuli: a hormonal one, mainly involving the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and the more recently described endothelin system, and a hemodynamic stimulus, particularly high blood pressure. We propose in the present review a third step which, although not exclusive, interacts with the hormonal and hemodynamic ones, and involves inflammatory mechanisms. Indeed, hypertension is invariably associated with inflammatory cell infiltration either in the intimal part of large vessels or in the adventitial region of arterioles. This has led us to hypothesize that arterial wall cells may trigger the initial communications attracting inflammatory cells to the perivascular region. In this paper, we review the proinflammatory intercellular communications as well as the intracellular signaling which confer an inflammatory phenotype to arteries. In this context, the profibrogenic and proinflammatory effects of hemodynamic overload and peptidergic systems such as angiotensin II and endothelin are considered. The study of the inflammatory process is not without interest, especially in view of the strong modulating effect of the inflammatory mediators both on the inflammatory process itself and on the fibrotic process. The principal and the most potent mediators are reviewed. Finally, the hypothesis that the inflammatory process could be in reality an immune specific process is suggested.
KEYWORDS Angiotensins; Endothelin; Hemodynamic forces; Growth factors; Cytokines; Oxidative stress; Fibroblasts; Smooth muscle cells; Endothelial cells; Interstitium
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  D. J. Glenn, D. Rahmutula, M. Nishimoto, F. Liang, and D. G. Gardner Atrial natriuretic peptide suppresses endothelin gene expression and proliferation in cardiac fibroblasts through a GATA4-dependent mechanism Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2009; 84(2): 209 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kawamura, H. Itoh, S. Yura, H. Mogami, T. Fujii, N. Kanayama, and I. Konishi Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Candesartan Cilexetil, but Not Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Protects Against Mouse Cardiac Enlargement Resulting From Undernutrition In Utero Reproductive Sciences, October 1, 2009; 16(10): 1005 - 1012. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Heymans, E. Hirsch, S. D. Anker, P. Aukrust, J.-L. Balligand, J. W. Cohen-Tervaert, H. Drexler, G. Filippatos, S. B. Felix, L. Gullestad, et al. Inflammation as a therapeutic target in heart failure? A scientific statement from the Translational Research Committee of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Eur J Heart Fail, February 1, 2009; 11(2): 119 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Zhang, J. J. David, S. V. Subramanian, X. Liu, M. D. Fuerst, X. Zhao, C. V. Leier, C. G. Orosz, R. J. Kelm Jr., and A. R. Strauch Serum response factor neutralizes Pur{alpha}- and Pur{beta}-mediated repression of the fetal vascular smooth muscle {alpha}-actin gene in stressed adult cardiomyocytes Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): C702 - C714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Chen, J. Zhang, T. X. Gan, Y. Chen-Izu, J. D. Hasday, M. Karmazyn, C. W. Balke, and S. M. Scharf Left ventricular dysfunction and associated cellular injury in rats exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2008; 104(1): 218 - 223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-B. Michel, O. Thaunat, X. Houard, O. Meilhac, G. Caligiuri, and A. Nicoletti Topological Determinants and Consequences of Adventitial Responses to Arterial Wall Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1259 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X.-H. Zhao, C. Laschinger, P. Arora, K. Szaszi, A. Kapus, and C. A. McCulloch Force activates smooth muscle {alpha}-actin promoter activity through the Rho signaling pathway J. Cell Sci., May 15, 2007; 120(10): 1801 - 1809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Yndestad, L. E. Vinge, R. Bjornerheim, T. Ueland, J. E. Wang, S. S. Froland, H. Attramadal, P. Aukrust, and E. Oie Thalidomide attenuates the development of fibrosis during post-infarction myocardial remodelling in rats Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2006; 8(8): 790 - 796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Masuyama, T. Tsuruda, J. Kato, T. Imamura, Y. Asada, J.-P. Stasch, K. Kitamura, and T. Eto Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulation on Cardiovascular Remodeling in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, November 1, 2006; 48(5): 972 - 978. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. W. Booz Impact of T Lymphocytes on Cardiac Remodeling in Hypertension: More Questions Than Answers Hypertension, July 1, 2006; 48(1): 31 - 32. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-M. Zhang, J. Bo, G. E. Taffet, J. Chang, J. Shi, A. K. Reddy, L. H. Michael, M. D. Schneider, M. L. Entman, R. J. Schwartz, et al. Targeted deletion of ROCK1 protects the heart against pressure overload by inhibiting reactive fibrosis FASEB J, May 1, 2006; 20(7): 916 - 925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ichihara, A. Noda, K. Nagata, K. Obata, J. Xu, G. Ichihara, S. Oikawa, S. Kawanishi, Y. Yamada, and M. Yokota Pravastatin increases survival and suppresses an increase in myocardial matrix metalloproteinase activity in a rat model of heart failure Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2006; 69(3): 726 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Fenning, G. Harrison, R. Rose'meyer, A. Hoey, and L. Brown L-Arginine attenuates cardiovascular impairment in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): H1408 - H1416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Wehling-Henricks, M. C. Jordan, K. P. Roos, B. Deng, and J. G. Tidball Cardiomyopathy in dystrophin-deficient hearts is prevented by expression of a neuronal nitric oxide synthase transgene in the myocardium Hum. Mol. Genet., July 15, 2005; 14(14): 1921 - 1933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hara, K.-i. Yuhki, T. Fujino, T. Yamada, K. Takayama, S. Kuriyama, O. Takahata, H. Karibe, Y. Okada, C.-Y. Xiao, et al. Augmented Cardiac Hypertrophy in Response to Pressure Overload in Mice Lacking the Prostaglandin I2 Receptor Circulation, July 5, 2005; 112(1): 84 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tsuruda, J. Kato, K. Hatakeyama, H. Masuyama, Y.-N. Cao, T. Imamura, K. Kitamura, Y. Asada, and T. Eto Antifibrotic effect of adrenomedullin on coronary adventitia in angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rats Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2005; 65(4): 921 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Wang, J. Fan, C. Laschinger, P. D. Arora, A. Kapus, A. Seth, and C. A. McCulloch Smooth Muscle Actin Determines Mechanical Force-induced p38 Activation J. Biol. Chem., February 25, 2005; 280(8): 7273 - 7284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Heymans, F. Lupu, S. Terclavers, B. Vanwetswinkel, J.-M. Herbert, A. Baker, D. Collen, P. Carmeliet, and L. Moons Loss or Inhibition of uPA or MMP-9 Attenuates LV Remodeling and Dysfunction after Acute Pressure Overload in Mice Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2005; 166(1): 15 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Ogata, T. Miyauchi, S. Sakai, M. Takanashi, Y. Irukayama-Tomobe, and I. Yamaguchi Myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats is ameliorated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activator fenofibrate, partly by suppressing inflammatory responses associated with the nuclear factor-kappa-b pathway J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 21, 2004; 43(8): 1481 - 1488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Toko, Y. Zou, T. Minamino, M. Sakamoto, M. Sano, M. Harada, T. Nagai, T. Sugaya, F. Terasaki, Y. Kitaura, et al. Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptor Is Involved in Cell Infiltration, Cytokine Production, and Neovascularization in Infarcted Myocardium Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2004; 24(4): 664 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Kuwahara, H. Kai, K. Tokuda, M. Takeya, A. Takeshita, K. Egashira, and T. Imaizumi Hypertensive Myocardial Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction: Another Model of Inflammation? Hypertension, April 1, 2004; 43(4): 739 - 745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Yndestad, T. Ueland, E. Oie, G. Florholmen, B. Halvorsen, H. Attramadal, S. Simonsen, S. S. Froland, L. Gullestad, G. Christensen, et al. Elevated Levels of Activin A in Heart Failure: Potential Role in Myocardial Remodeling Circulation, March 23, 2004; 109(11): 1379 - 1385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Yoshida, K. Yamamoto, T. Mano, Y. Sakata, N. Nishikawa, M. Nishio, T. Ohtani, T. Miwa, M. Hori, and T. Masuyama AT1 Receptor Blocker Added to ACE Inhibitor Provides Benefits at Advanced Stage of Hypertensive Diastolic Heart Failure Hypertension, March 1, 2004; 43(3): 686 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Ocaranza, G. Diaz-Araya, J. E. Carreno, D. Munoz, J. P. Riveros, J. E. Jalil, and S. Lavandero Polymorphism in gene coding for ACE determines different development of myocardial fibrosis in rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): H498 - H506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Tokuda, H. Kai, F. Kuwahara, H. Yasukawa, N. Tahara, H. Kudo, K. Takemiya, M. Koga, T. Yamamoto, and T. Imaizumi Pressure-Independent Effects of Angiotensin II on Hypertensive Myocardial Fibrosis Hypertension, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 499 - 503. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. Kedzierski, P. A. Grayburn, Y. Y. Kisanuki, C. S. Williams, R. E. Hammer, J. A. Richardson, M. D. Schneider, and M. Yanagisawa Cardiomyocyte-Specific Endothelin A Receptor Knockout Mice Have Normal Cardiac Function and an Unaltered Hypertrophic Response to Angiotensin II and Isoproterenol Mol. Cell. Biol., November 15, 2003; 23(22): 8226 - 8232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Wang, H. Chen, A. Seth, and C. A. McCulloch Mechanical force regulation of myofibroblast differentiation in cardiac fibroblasts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): H1871 - H1881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Kuwahara, H. Kai, K. Tokuda, H. Niiyama, N. Tahara, K. Kusaba, K. Takemiya, A. Jalalidin, M. Koga, T. Nagata, et al. Roles of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Hypertensive Cardiac Remodeling Hypertension, March 1, 2003; 41(3): 819 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Joseph, A. Washington, L. Joseph, L. Koehler, L. M. Fink, M. Hauer-Jensen, and R. H. Kennedy Hyperhomocysteinemia leads to adverse cardiac remodeling in hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2002; 283(6): H2567 - H2574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Kuwahara, H. Kai, K. Tokuda, M. Kai, A. Takeshita, K. Egashira, and T. Imaizumi Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Function Blocking Prevents Myocardial Fibrosis and Diastolic Dysfunction in Pressure-Overloaded Rats Circulation, July 2, 2002; 106(1): 130 - 135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-H. Wu, J. Hagaman, S. Kim, R. L. Reddick, and N. Maeda Aortic Constriction Exacerbates Atherosclerosis and Induces Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice Lacking Apolipoprotein E Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2002; 22(3): 469 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Dechend, A. Fiebeler, J.-K. Park, D. N. Muller, J. Theuer, E. Mervaala, M. Bieringer, D. Gulba, R. Dietz, F. C. Luft, et al. Amelioration of Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Injury by a 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitor Circulation, July 31, 2001; 104(5): 576 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. T Weber and Yao Sun Recruitable ACE and tissue repair in the infarcted heart Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2000; 1(4): 295 - 303. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Gonzalez, V. Fontaine, M. E. Pueyo, N. Laquay, D. Messika-Zeitoun, M. Philippe, J.-F. Arnal, M.-P. Jacob, and J.-B. Michel Molecular Plasticity of Vascular Wall During NG-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester-Induced Hypertension : Modulation of Proinflammatory Signals Hypertension, July 1, 2000; 36(1): 103 - 109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|