© 1999 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 1999, European Society of Cardiology
Regulation of basal myocardial function by NO
Institut für Pharmakologie, Medizinische Einrichtungen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49-211-81-12518; fax: +49-211-81-14781; e-mail: kojda@uni-duesseldorf.de
Received 6 May 1998; accepted 8 October 1998
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1 Introduction |
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Nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide, •NO) represents an important mediator within the cardiovascular system. Chemically, •NO is a lipophilic, highly reactive and unstable gaseous molecule. It is liberated from organic nitrates and other nitrovasodilators as the pharmacologically active principle of these drugs and has a therapeutic potential that has been in use for decades [1]. Ten years ago, it became evident that •NO is produced by different •NO-synthase (NOS) isozymes in the body [2]. Two of these enzymes, the endothelial (eNOS) and the neuronal (nNOS) isoform are constitutively expressed, while the inducible isoform (iNOS) is biosynthesized only after stimulation of cells with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide or cytokines such as interferon
or tumour necrosis factor 
[3].
Endogenous production of •NO is involved in a variety of physiological functions, such as local and systemic regulation of vascular tone, regulation of immune defense, synaptic plasticity and other neurologic functions [4–6].
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2 Exogenous •NO |
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2.1 •NO, •NO-donors, organic nitrates
2.2 Mechanisms of action of •NO in cardiac muscle
2.2.1 cGMP-dependent •NO-signalling pathways
2.2.2 cGMP-independent •NO-signalling pathways
2.3 Effects of exogenous •NO on myocardial contraction
2.3.1 In vitro studies
2.3.2 In vivo studies
2.4 Effects of exogenous •NO on myocardial relaxation
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3 Endogenous •NO |
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3.1 Myocardial •NO-synthases
3.2 Effects of endogenous •NO on myocardial contraction
3.2.1 Endothelial •NO-synthase
3.2.2 Inducible NOS
3.3 Effects of endogenous •NO on myocardial relaxation
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4 Chronotropic effects of •NO |
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4.1 Exogenous •NO
4.2 Endogenous •NO
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5 Summary |
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