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Cardiovascular Research 1998 40(3):456-468; doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00277-6
© 1998 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 1998, European Society of Cardiology

Recent advances in cardiovascular development: promise for the future

H.Scott Baldwina and Michael Artmanb,*

aDivision of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
bDepartments of Pediatrics and Physiology and Neuroscience, FPO Suite 9-V, New York University Medical Center, First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-212-263-5993; fax: +1-212-263-5808; e-mail: michael.artman@mcfpo.med.nyu.edu

Received 17 July 1998; accepted 1 September 1998

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   1 Introduction
 
Nearly three years ago, an extra issue of Cardiovascular Research was published which spotlighted the developing cardiovascular system (Cardiovascular Research, Vol. 31, February, 1996). The spotlight issue was accompanied by an editorial suggesting that the field of developmental cardiology was entering a period analogous to adolescence [1]. In retrospect, that seems to have been an accurate characterization. The past three years have seen enormous growth, paradigm shifts and exciting new discoveries in the field of cardiovascular development. Applications of new molecular techniques and model systems have provided insights into many of the very basic questions relevant to the control of cardiac morphogenesis. For the first time, the promise of understanding the molecular basis of many forms of congenital heart defects seems within our grasp.

In this review, we will attempt to cover some of the major new advances that have occurred during the past three years in this rapidly . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   2 Gene expression and cardiac morphogenesis
 
2.1 Cardiac looping and asymmetry
2.2 Chamber specification
2.3 Myocyte growth

   3 Vascular development
 
3.1 Endothelial:pericyte interactions
3.2 Not all endothelial cells are created equal

   4 Contractile proteins
 

   5 Electrophysiology
 

   6 Excitation–contraction coupling
 
6.1 Functional role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
6.2 Functional role of sarcolemmal sodium–calcium exchange
6.3 EC coupling in neural crest defects

   7 Clinical correlations
 
7.1 Neural crest and conotruncal defects
7.2 Gap junctions and cardiac morphogenesis

   8 Future directions
 

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