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Cardiovascular Research 1998 39(1):3-7; doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00078-9
© 1998 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 1998, European Society of Cardiology

Of mice and men – the future of cardiovascular research in the molecular era

Wolfgang Schaper* and Bernd Winkler

Max-Planck-Institute, Dept. of Experimental Cardiology, Benekestrasse 2, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 (6032) 705 402; Fax: +49 (6032) 705 419; E-mail: wschaper@kerckhoff.mpg.de

Received 22 January 1998; accepted 19 February 1998

KEYWORDS Genomic analysis; Integrative physiology

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.


   1 Introduction
 
The advent of the molecular age has changed experimental cardiovascular research and continues to make these changes deeper and more and more irreversible by the day. Gradually over the last 12 years dogs and cats, the classical experimental animals in cardiovascular sciences, became unfashionable for a variety of reasons, some of them nonscientific (i.e., new legislation, expense, also to avoid clashes with animal rights activists etc.). They were replaced by rabbits and rats (less expensive, but not necessarily better suited) and, more recently, by transgenic mice. This description of the changing preferences for experimental animals shows that not all of these changes have their roots in the new opportunities of molecular approaches. That was to be expected because not all cardiovascular problems can be reduced to exercises in gene expression. Acute effects and most pharmacological problems are not necessarily solved utilizing the gene approach, although screening for new pharmacological agents . . . [Full Text of this Article]


   2 A look at the problem
 
2.1 Where is the place for the integrative cardiovascular scientist?
2.2 Are we using the right models?

   3 The importance of size
 
3.1 What can we learn from structural genomics?
3.2 Are ‘functional genomics’ giving us new clues?

   4 Conclusions
 

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