© 1998 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 1998, European Society of Cardiology
Experimental models for the investigation of brain ischemia
Department of Experimental Neurology, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Gleueler Str. 50, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 (221) 4726 211; Fax: +49 (221) 4726 325; E-mail: hossmann@mpin-koeln.mpg.de
Received 16 October 1997; accepted 10 February 1998
KEYWORDS Brain ischemia; Animal models; Stroke; Circulatory arrest; Resuscitation; Treatment
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1 Introduction |
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More than any other organ of the body, brain integrity depends on the continuous blood supply of oxygen and glucose for covering the energy demands of the tissue. Cessation or severe reduction of blood flow results in almost instantaneous biochemical and functional deficits which become rapidly irreversible unless blood flow is promptly restored. The ischemia time that is tolerated by the brain depends, among others, on the density of ischemia, the tissue concentration of primary and secondary energy stores and the rate of energy consumption which, in turn, depends on the temperature, the degree of functional activity and the absence or presence of anesthetics and other drugs. There is also a major difference between the ischemic vulnerability of different regions of the brain. As an example, the CA1 sector of hippocampus may suffer irreversible injury after ischemia of as short as 5 min [94]whereas other nerve cell populations survive
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2 Focal cerebral ischemia |
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2.1 Intracranial vascular occlusions
2.2 Microcirculatory occlusion
2.3 Extracranial vascular occlusion
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3 Global cerebral ischemia |
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3.1 Cardiac arrest
3.2 Complete brain ischemia
3.3 Incomplete brain ischemia
3.4 In vitro ischemia
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4 Microembolism |
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5 Experimental models for therapeutic studies |
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5.1 Models for the treatment of stroke
5.2 Models for the treatment of global ischemia
5.3 In vitro models for treatment studies
5.4 Transgenic animals for treatment studies
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6 Conclusions |
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