© 2000 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 2000, European Society of Cardiology
Electrocardiogram of the normal mouse, Mus musculus*
General considerations and genetic aspects
Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, P.O. Box 22700, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-20-566-3265; fax: +31-20-697-5458 t.opthof{at}amc.uva.nl
KEYWORDS ECG; Heart rate (variability)
We failed to retrace Dr. Goldbarg. Our attention was drawn to the paper by Alberto N. Goldbarg and colleagues [1] by a recent review paper of Doevendans et al. [2] in a focused issue of this Journal titled "Animal Models and Human Cardiovascular Disease" (see Ref. [3]). Doevendans et al. [2] pointed out that despite the fact that interest in the cardiac electrophysiology and hemodynamic function of mice has been raised by their role in transgenic technology, there was an early study (1968) with a description of the electrocardiogram (ECG) in the normal mouse under anesthesia [1]. The study was performed at the Department of Medicine and the Behavior Genetics Laboratory of Case Western Reserve University of Cleveland, OH, USA. The authors not only measured heart rate, but also emphasized differences between strains [1], which are relevant nowadays for mouse electrophysiology [2]. The original study by Alberto N. Goldbarg has hardly drawn attention as is apparent from the bibliometrical analysis [4] and Table 1. In 1969 Coccheri et al. [5] briefly related the heart rate that they had measured in pregnant mice to that recorded in anesthetized mice by Goldbarg et al. [1]. In the same year Cooper [6] reported rat ECG recordings in normal and several pathophysiological states and compared those with the data of Goldbarg et al. [1]. Cardiac transplantation (and the ECG) was the basic interest of this author. In 1970 Blizard and Welty [7] extended the work of Goldbarg et al. [1] from anesthetized to conscious mice. They reported that "...with appropriate electrode placement, records are obtainable on all occasions except when the animal ... has bitten through his leads" (sic). After 1983 it became quiescent around the paper [1], until Doevendans et al. [2] drew attention to it in 1998.
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Alberto Goldbarg published several other papers in later years amongst which were two clinical papers in Circulation, one on the effects of propranolol and long-acting nitrates therapy on angina pectoris [8] (from the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago) and one on electrocardiographic findings of an inbred agrarian religious isolate [9] (again from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH). Obviously, the early ECG recordings of the mice were an inbred scientific isolate in the career of Dr. Goldbarg, which had to wait for a follow-up by others until the nineties. We are curious as to whether the forgotten paper of Dr. Goldbarg [1] will experience a second youth.
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* Historical note on the paper by Goldbarg AN, Hellerstein HK, Bruell JH, Daroczy AF. Cardiovasc Res 1968;2:93–99.
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- Goldbarg A.N., Hellerstein H.K., Bruell J.H., Daroczy A.F. Electrocardiogram of the normal mouse, Mus musculus: general considerations and genetic aspects. Cardiovasc Res (1968) 2:93–99.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Doevendans P.A., Daemen M.J., De Muinck E.D., Smits J.F. Cardiovascular phenotyping in mice. Cardiovasc Res (1998) 39:34–49.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Janse M.J. Quo vadis classical physiology ? Cardiovasc Res (1998) 39:1–2.
[Free Full Text] - Editorial team. Original title, abstract and citation data of the key publication (Cardiovascular Research 1968;2:93–99). Cardiovasc Res 2000;45:227–228.
- Coccheri S., Ollendorff P., Astrup T. Sensitivity of pregnant mice to intravenous tissue thromboplastin. Thromb Diat Haemorrh (1969) 22:35–44.
- Cooper D.K.C. Electrocardiographic studies in the rat in physiological and pathological states. Cardiovasc Res (1969) 3:419–425.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Blizard D., Welty R. A technique for monitoring the heart rate of mice. Psychophysiology (1970) 7:143–144.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Goldbarg A.N., Moran J.F., Butterfield T.K., Nemickas R., Bermudez G.A. Therapy of angina pectoris with propranolol and long-acting nitrates. Circulation (1969) 40:847–853.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Goldbarg A.N., Kurczynski M.S., Hellerstein H.K., Steinberg A.G. Electrocardiographic findings among the total adult population of a large religious isolate. Circulation (1970) 41:257–269.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
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