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Cardiovascular Research 2003 57(3):591-593; doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00221-9
© 2003 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 2003, European Society of Cardiology

Gender differences in cardiac development: are hormones at the heart of the matter?

Thai V Pham*

Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave., RMSB 6068, Miami, FL 33136, USA

* Tel.: +1-305-243-5922; fax: +1-305-243-4555. tpham@med.miami.edu

The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below.

See article by Valverde et al. [10] (pgaes 625–631) in this issue.

Male/female differences in cardiac electrophysiology have long been noted, but only in recent years has there been an increased awareness and appreciation of the influence of a patient's sex on presentation of various cardiac arrhythmias [1]. One of the most dramatic and important differences between men and women regarding sex and arrhythmia is the greater risk in women of torsades de pointes induced by drugs that prolong repolarization [2]. Additionally, female gender is an independent risk factor for syncope and sudden death in the congenital long QT syndrome [3]. Although the molecular mechanisms for these sex-related differences are largely . . . [Full Text of this Article]


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