© 2002 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 2002, European Society of Cardiology
Spotlight on gender
aNational Heart and Lung Institute and Royal Brompton Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
bImperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital (Mint Wing), Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
cNew York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, PH 10-203B, 622 West 168th Street, New York 10032, USA
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +44-207-351-8112; fax: +44-207-823-3392 peter.collins@ic.ac.uk j.stevenson@ic.ac.uk ljm10@columbia.edu
Received 18 December 2001; accepted 18 December 2001
| The first 10% of the full text of this article appears below. |
It is well established that important differences exist between women and men with regard to the function and diseases of the cardiovascular system. Women appear to be protected from the most common form of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, when compared to men. The reason(s) for this apparent protection in women are not fully understood and may not solely be related to hormonal differences. Data generated from epidemiological studies and basic science research about steroid hormone receptors and ion channels in cells provide evidence for distinct differences with regard to gender. Despite a wealth of surrogate endpoint and observational data suggesting hormones may play a cardioprotective role in
| 1. Gender and risk factors for cardiovascular disease |
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| 2. Endothelial function, atherosclerosis and coronary artery function |
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| 3. The autonomic nervous system, renin–angiotensin system and hypertension |
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| 4. Gender and the myocardium |
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| 5. Gender and electrophysiology |
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