© 2001 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 2001, European Society of Cardiology
Molecular mechanisms of blood vessel growth
Center for Transgene Technology and Gene Therapy, Flanders Interuniversitary Institute for Biotechnology, KULeuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +32-16-345-772; fax: +32-16-345-990 peter.carmeliet@med.kuleuven.ac.be
Received 31 October 2000; accepted 1 November 2000
KEYWORDS Angiogenesis; Arteries; Developmental biology; Veins
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1 From avascular to vascular |
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From the earliest stages, the embryo develops in the absence of vascularization, receiving its nutrition by diffusion [1]. In an ordered and sequential manner, however, the embryo rapidly transforms into a highly vascular organism, survival being dependent on a functional, complex network of capillary plexuses and blood vessels. ‘Vasculogenesis’ refers to the initial events in vascular growth in which endothelial cell precursors (angioblasts) migrate to discrete locations, differentiate in situ and assemble into solid endothelial cords, later forming a plexus with endocardial tubes (Fig. 1). The subsequent growth, expansion and remodeling of these primitive vessels into a mature vascular network is referred to as ‘angiogenesis’ (Fig. 1). This process is characterized by a combination of sprouting of new vessels from the sides and ends of pre-existing ones, or by longitudinal division of existing vessels with periendothelial cells (intussusception), either of which may then split and
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2 Vasculogenesis |
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3 Angiogenesis |
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3.1 Existing vessels dilate, vascular permeability increases and extracellular matrix is degraded
3.2 Endothelial cells proliferate and migrate
3.3 Endothelial cells assemble, form cords and acquire lumens
3.4 Long-term survival of vascular endothelium
3.5 Vascular endothelium differentiates to meet local needs
3.6 Remodeling of vessels yields complex, functional networks
3.7 Vein or artery?
3.8 Critical role of peri-endothelial cells and surrounding matrix
3.9 Arteriogenesis
3.10 Oxygen levels regulate vessel growth and remodeling
3.11 Shear stress and vascular remodeling
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4 Summary |
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 R. Q. Miao, V. Chen, L. Chao, and J. Chao Structural elements of kallistatin required for inhibition of angiogenesis Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): C1604 - C1613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Woodman, A. W. Ashton, W. Schubert, H. Lee, T. M. Williams, F. A. Medina, J. B. Wyckoff, T. P. Combs, and M. P. Lisanti Caveolin-1 Knockout Mice Show an Impaired Angiogenic Response to Exogenous Stimuli Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2003; 162(6): 2059 - 2068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Koerselman, Y. van der Graaf, P. P.Th. de Jaegere, and D. E. Grobbee Coronary Collaterals: An Important and Underexposed Aspect of Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, May 20, 2003; 107(19): 2507 - 2511. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Roguin, A. Avivi, S. Nitecki, I. Rubinstein, N. S. Levy, Z. A. Abassi, M. B. Resnick, O. Lache, M. Melamed-Frank, A. Joel, et al. Restoration of blood flow by using continuous perimuscular infiltration of plasmid DNA encoding subterranean mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi VEGF PNAS, April 15, 2003; 100(8): 4644 - 4648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. A. Marchuk, S. Srinivasan, T. L. Squire, and J. S. Zawistowski Vascular morphogenesis: tales of two syndromes Hum. Mol. Genet., April 2, 2003; 12(90001): R97 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Iso, Y. Hamamori, and L. Kedes Notch Signaling in Vascular Development Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2003; 23(4): 543 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Byrd, S. Becker, P. Maye, R. Narasimhaiah, B. St-Jacques, X. Zhang, J. McMahon, A. McMahon, and L. Grabel Hedgehog is required for murine yolk sac angiogenesis Development, March 3, 2003; 129(2): 361 - 372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Ruel, R. A. Kelly, and F. W. Sellke Therapeutic Angiogenesis, Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization, and Cell Therapy Card. Surg. Adult, January 1, 2003; 2(2003): 715 - 750. [Full Text]
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T.-n. Lin, G.-M. Kim, J.-J. Chen, W.-M. Cheung, Y. Y. He, and C. Y. Hsu Differential Regulation of Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 After Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Stroke, January 1, 2003; 34(1): 177 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Myers, A. Charboneau, I. Cheung, D. Hanks, and N. Boudreau Sustained Expression of Homeobox D10 Inhibits Angiogenesis Am. J. Pathol., December 1, 2002; 161(6): 2099 - 2109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. J. Grzesik and A.S. Narayanan CEMENTUM AND PERIODONTAL WOUND HEALING AND REGENERATION Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, November 1, 2002; 13(6): 474 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Zakrzewicz, T. W. Secomb, and A. R. Pries Angioadaptation: Keeping the Vascular System in Shape Physiology, October 1, 2002; 17(5): 197 - 201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Rivilis, M. Milkiewicz, P. Boyd, J. Goldstein, M. D. Brown, S. Egginton, F. M. Hansen, O. Hudlicka, and T. L. Haas Differential involvement of MMP-2 and VEGF during muscle stretch- versus shear stress-induced angiogenesis Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): H1430 - H1438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. B. Kearney, C. A. Ambler, K.-A. Monaco, N. Johnson, R. G. Rapoport, and V. L. Bautch Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Flt-1 negatively regulates developmental blood vessel formation by modulating endothelial cell division Blood, April 1, 2002; 99(7): 2397 - 2407. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A R Padhani and M Neeman Challenges for imaging angiogenesis Br. J. Radiol., October 1, 2001; 74(886): 886 - 890. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Yokoyama and T. Hirase Harmonic Interplay of Angiogenic Growth Factors in the Development of Coronary Blood Vessels Circ. Res., June 8, 2001; 88(11): 1099 - 1101. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. E. Bell, A. Mavila, R. Salazar, K. J. Bayless, S. Kanagala, S. A. Maxwell, and G. E. Davis Differential gene expression during capillary morphogenesis in 3D collagen matrices: regulated expression of genes involved in basement membrane matrix assembly, cell cycle progression, cellular differentiation and G-protein signaling J. Cell Sci., January 8, 2001; 114(15): 2755 - 2773. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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