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Cardiovascular Research 2000 48(1):4-7; doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(00)00176-0
© 2000 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 2000, European Society of Cardiology

Cardiac work and efficiency

N Westerhof*

Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, ICaR-VU, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands

* Tel.: +31-20-444-8111; fax: +31-20-444-8255 westerhof@physiol.med.vu.nl

Received 11 July 2000; accepted 13 July 2000

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

See article by Kiriazis and Gibbs [1] (pages 111–119) in this issue.


   1 Work output and efficiency of the heart
 
1.1 Pressure–volume relation and oxygen consumption
Many researchers have tried to relate cardiac energy metabolism in terms of oxygen consumption or heat production to mechanical performance. One now popular and accepted mechanical parameter is based on the pressure–volume relations found in the intact heart where pressure is plotted as a function of volume over the cardiac cycle [2]. The curve that is followed during the heartbeat consists of the following four parts (Fig. 1, top). Starting at end-diastole (right bottom corner) ventricular pressure increases while volume remains constant (isovolumic contraction), during the ejection phase volume decreases but pressure changes little, and, after closure of the aortic valves isovolumic relaxation ensues, which is followed by the filling phase. The area circumscribed is external mechanical work per beat. The triangular area between the systolic and diastolic pressure–volume relations and bounded by isovolumic relaxation . . . [Full Text of this Article]

1.2 Efficiency and economy
1.3 Heat production

   2 Papillary muscle
 

   3 Cardiac aging
 
3.1 Study by Kiriazis and Gibbs
3.2 Clinical aspects

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