© 1998 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 1998, European Society of Cardiology
The heart remembers
aDepartment of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
bDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
cDepartment of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
dDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, NY, USA
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-212-305-8754; fax: +1-212-305-8351; e-mail: emf3@columbia.edu
Received 18 March 1998; accepted 3 June 1998
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1 Introduction |
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Cardiac memory was characterized by Rosenbaum et al. in 1982 as ST-T wave changes induced by ventricular pacing or arrhythmia that persist long after normal ventricular activation has resumed [1]. Rosenbaum's work enlarged upon the earlier studies of Chatterjee et al. [2]who reported persistent postpacing changes in T wave morphology. The key aspects of cardiac memory were that the magnitude and persistence of the postpacing T wave changes increased with the duration of abnormal ventricular activation (referred to as ‘accumulation’) (Fig. 1), and the subsequent normalization of the T wave occurred slowly, requiring hours to months, depending on the duration of the inciting stimuli.
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2 Terminology related to cardiac memory and hypotheses concerning its genesis |
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3 Memory in the CNS: a template for the heart? |
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4 Means for the induction and evaluation of cardiac memory |
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4.1 Short-term memory
4.2 Long-term memory
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5 Signal transduction and cardiac memory |
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6 Cardiac memory at the level of the action potential and ion channel |
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7 A unifying concept for cardiac memory |
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8 Implications of cardiac memory with respect to cardiac rhythm |
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