© 1998 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 1998, European Society of Cardiology
Tumor necrosis factor in CHF: a double facet cytokine
aChair of Cardiology, University of Brescia, c/o Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy
bCardiovascular Research Center, "S. Maugeri" Foundation, Gussago, Brescia, Italy
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 (30) 3995776; fax: +39 (30) 3701078; e-mail: ferrari@master.cci.unibs.it
Received 14 August 1997; accepted 25 November 1997
KEYWORDS Tumor necrosis factor; Cytokines; Chronic heart failure; Cachexia
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1 Introduction |
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gained its popularity in the world of biology and medicine in a weird way. In 1985, Old in New York City discovered the presence of a protein in blood after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, which is able to induce necrosis of some mouse tumors [1]. He called it ‘tumor necrosis factor’, a term actually coined in the 1970s. At the same time and, virtually, on the other side of the street, Beutler and Cerami, working at what may appear as an unsurmountable biological distance, discovered that the intriguing state of cachexia is associated with the presence of a protein called ‘cachectin’ in the serum [2]. Its purification made them realize that ‘cachectin’ is an essential mediator of the state of LPS-induced shock and that it is the same molecule of ‘tumor necrosis factor’ [2]. It took some years for these three parents to
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2 What is it and what does it? |
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3 How does it act? |
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4 Is TNF involved in CHF? |
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5 Increased sTNF-Rs in CHF: is it good or bad? |
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6 Which are the biological effects of TNF in CHF? |
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7 How could TNF contribute to ventricular dysfunction in CHF? |
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8 How could TNF contribute to exercise intolerance in CHF? |
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9 What is the stimulus to the increased TNF production in patients with CHF? |
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10 Conclusions |
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