© 1997 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 1997, European Society of Cardiology
Embryonic stem cells: a model to study structural and functional properties in cardiomyogenesis
aInstitut für Neurophysiologie, Universität zu Köln, Robert-Koch Strasse 39, D-50931 Köln, Germany
bInstitut für Anatomie I, Universität zu Köln, Josef-Stelzmann Strasse 9, D-50931 Köln, Germany
cInstitut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
dHenry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, 2799 West Grand Blvd., Detroit MI 48202, USA
* Corresponding author. Tel.: (+49-221) 4786960; Fax: (+49-221) 4786965.
Received 6 February 1997; accepted 26 June 1997
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1 Introduction |
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In order to study cardiac myocyte development different approaches were established during the last decades. The main purpose of these studies was the differentiation of cardiac precursor cells into specialized, differentiated cell types, as well as the development of functional properties such as Ca2+ handling, rhythm generation and excitation-contraction coupling of cardiomyocytes during development. Although considerable data exist about skeletal myogenesis [1–3], limited knowledge is available with regard to the origin of the commitment and differentiation of cardiac cells. A comprehensive, morphological study on the cytodifferentiation from mesenchymal cells into cardiac myocytes is described in the embryonic murine heart [4]: According to the authors, different stages of myofibrillogenesis are present during embryological myocardial development. Cells with no or only little myofibrillar arrangement develop to myocardial cells with orientated myofibrils [5, 6]. A number of morphological studies have investigated heart development on embryonic, neonatal and adult isolated cardiomyocytes
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2 Cell lines to study cardiomyocytes |
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3 Factors influencing cardiac myogenesis |
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4 The embryonic stem (ES) cell model |
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5 Morphology of ES cell derived cardiomyocytes |
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6 Diversity of cardiac cell types in the EB |
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7 Development of electrophysiological characteristics of ES cell derived cardiomyocytes |
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8 ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes express all major cardiac-specific ion channels |
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9 Ca2+ channels |
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10 Na+ channels of low TTX sensitivity |
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11 ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes express basic cardiac-specific K+ currents |
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12 Pacemaker (If)-current |
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13 Limitations of the ES-cell preparation |
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14 Conclusions and future perspectives |
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