Cardiovascular Research Advance Access originally published online on November 17, 2008
Cardiovascular Research 2009 81(2):319-327; doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn310
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Fish oil, but not flaxseed oil, decreases inflammation and prevents pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction
1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland-Baltimore, 20 Penn Street, HSF2, Room S022, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
2 Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
3 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
4 Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
5 Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
6 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
* Corresponding author. Tel: +1 410 706 3585; fax: +1 410 706 3583. E-mail address: wstanley{at}medicine.umaryland.edu
Aims: Clinical studies suggest that intake of 
-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (-3 PUFA) may lower the incidence of heart failure. Dietary supplementation with -3 PUFA exerts metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects that could prevent left ventricle (LV) pathology; however, it is unclear whether these effects occur at clinically relevant doses and whether there are differences between -3 PUFA from fish [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and vegetable sources [
-linolenic acid (ALA)].
Methods and results: We assessed the development of LV remodelling and pathology in rats subjected to aortic banding treated with -3 PUFA over a dose range that spanned the intake of humans taking -3 PUFA supplements. Rats were fed a standard food or diets supplemented with EPA+DHA or ALA at 0.7, 2.3, or 7% of energy intake. Without supplementation, aortic banding increased LV mass and end-systolic and -diastolic volumes. ALA supplementation had little effect on LV remodelling and dysfunction. In contrast, EPA+DHA dose-dependently increased EPA and DHA, decreased arachidonic acid in cardiac membrane phospholipids, and prevented the increase in LV end-diastolic and -systolic volumes. EPA+DHA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin, and there was a strong correlation between the prevention of LV chamber enlargement and plasma levels of adiponectin (r = –0.78). Supplementation with EPA+DHA had anti-aggregatory and anti-inflammatory effects as evidenced by decreases in urinary thromboxane B2 and serum tumour necrosis factor-.
Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with -3 PUFA derived from fish, but not from vegetable sources, increased plasma adiponectin, suppressed inflammation, and prevented cardiac remodelling and dysfunction under pressure overload conditions.
KEYWORDS -linolenic acid; Diet; Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Heart failure
Time for primary review: 35 days
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