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Cardiovascular Research 2007 75(2):327-338; doi:10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.05.001
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Copyright © 2007, European Society of Cardiology

Role of the anion nitrite in ischemia-reperfusion cytoprotection and therapeutics

Cameron Dezfuliana,b,c, Nicolaas Raata, Sruti Shivaa and Mark T. Gladwina,b,*

aVascular Medicine Branch, National Heart Lung Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
bCritical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
cDivision of Pediatric Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States

* Corresponding author. National Institutes of Health, Building 10-CRC, Room 5-5140, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1662, United States. Tel.: +1 301 435 2310; fax: +1 301 402 1213. mgladwin{at}mail.nih.gov

The anion nitrite (NO2–) constitutes a biochemical reservoir for nitric oxide (NO). Nitrite reduction to NO may be catalyzed by hemoglobin, myoglobin or other metal-containing enzymes and occurs at increasing rates under conditions of physiologic hypoxia or ischemia. A number of laboratories have now demonstrated in animal models the ability of nitrite to provide potent cytoprotection following focal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury of the heart, liver, brain, and kidney. While the mechanism of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection remains to be fully characterized, the release of nitrite-derived NO following IR appears to be central to this mechanism. The evidence of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection against IR injury in multiple animal models opens the door to potential therapeutic opportunities in human disease. Here we review the mechanisms for nitrite formation in blood and tissue, its metabolic equilibrium with NO, nitrate, and NO-modified proteins, the evidence supporting nitrite-mediated cytoprotection, and the potential mechanisms driving cytoprotection, and we explore the opportunities for the therapeutic application of nitrite for human disease.

KEYWORDS Nitric oxide; Ischemia; Reperfusion


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