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Cardiovascular Research 2003 58(2):246-263; doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00784-8
© 2003 by European Society of Cardiology
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Copyright © 2003, European Society of Cardiology

Regulatory modules in the developing heart

Petra E.M.H. Habets, Antoon F.M. Moorman and Vincent M. Christoffels*

Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Group, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Academic Medical Center L2-255, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-20-566-7821; fax: +31-20-697-6177. v.m.christoffels{at}amc.uva.nl

Fragments of regulatory DNA of cardiac genes drive reporter gene expression in sometimes unexpected subdomains of the heart. These patterns have revealed that the regulatory DNA of genes consists of distinct subfragments (regulatory modules) that are active in different regions of the developing heart. In this review we give an overview of the activity of regulatory modules in vivo. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between the activity domains of the regulatory modules, the building blocks of the heart and the developmental patterning of the myocardium. Most of the regulatory modules show a domain of activity broader than the morphological boundary of a cardiac compartment and seem to respond to a patterning program along the antero-posterior axis.

KEYWORDS Developmental biology; Gene expression; Sequence (DNA/RNA/prot)


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