© 2002 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 2002, European Society of Cardiology
Calcineurin and hypertrophic heart disease: novel insights and remaining questions
aDivision of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
bDepartment of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
leon.dewindt{at}cardio.unimaas.nl
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-43-388-2949; fax: +31-43-387-5104
In the past 2 years, an emerging body of research has focused on a novel transcriptional pathway involved in the cardiac hypertrophic response. Ever since its introduction, the significance of the calcineurin–NFAT module has been subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to provide both an update on the current status of knowledge and discuss the remaining issues regarding the involvement of calcineurin in hypertrophic heart disease. To this end, the molecular biology of calcineurin and its direct downstream transcriptional effector NFAT are discussed in the context of the genetic studies that established the existence of this signaling paradigm in the heart. The pharmacological mode-of-action and specificity of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine A (CsA) and FK506 is dicussed, as well as their inherent limitations to study the biology of calcineurin. A critical interpretation is given on studies aimed at analyzing the role of calcineurin in cardiac hypertrophy using systemic immunosuppression. To eliminate the controversy surrounding CsA/FK506 usage, recent studies employed genetic inhibitory strategies for calcineurin, which confirm the pivotal role for this signal transduction pathway in the ventricular hypertrophy response. Finally, unresolved issues concerning the role of calcineurin in cardiac pathobiology are discussed based upon the information available, including its controversial role in cardiomyocyte viability, the reciprocal relationship between myocyte Ca2+ homeostasis and calcineurin activity and the relative importance of calcineurin in relation to other hypertrophic signaling cascades.
KEYWORDS Apoptosis; Calcium (cellular); Cardiomyopathy; Gene expression; Heart failure; Hypertrophy; Signal transduction
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