© 2002 by European Society of Cardiology
Copyright © 2002, European Society of Cardiology
Sex hormones and hypertension
aCenter for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
bUniversity Hospital Zurich, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinic for Endocrinology, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
cDepartment of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
dDepartment of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
eThe Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
rag{at}fhk.usz.ch
* Corresponding author. Clinic for Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8051 Zurich, Switzerland. Tel.: +41-1-2555-383; fax: +41-1-2554-439
Gender has an important influence on blood pressure, with premenopausal women having a lower arterial blood pressure than age-matched men. Compared with premenopausal women, postmenopausal women have higher blood pressures, suggesting that ovarian hormones may modulate blood pressure. However, whether sex hormones are responsible for the observed gender-associated differences in arterial blood pressure and whether ovarian hormones account for differences in blood pressure in premenopausal versus postmenopausal women remains unclear. In this review, we provide a discussion of the potential blood pressure regulating effects of female and male sex hormones, as well as the cellular, biochemical and molecular mechanisms by which sex hormones may modify the effects of hypertension on the cardiovascular system.
KEYWORDS Blood pressure; Endothelial function; Gender; Growth factors; Hypertension; Smooth muscle
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